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# Bài 5. Toán tử và lệnh gán

## 1. Toán tử số học

| Operator | Meaning                             | Example     |
| -------- | ----------------------------------- | ----------- |
| +        | Cộng                                | x + y+ 2    |
| -        | Trừ                                 | x - y- 2    |
| \*       | Nhân                                | x \* y      |
| /        | Chia                                | x / y       |
| %        | Lấy phần dư của phép chia (mod)     | x % y       |
| //       | Lấy phần nguyên của phép chia (div) | x // y      |
| \*\*     | Lỹ thừa                             | x\*\*y (xy) |

Ví dụ:

```python
x = 19
print('x =',x)
y = 4
print('y =',y)
print('x + y =',x+y)
print('x - y =',x-y)
print('x * y =',x*y)
print('x / y =',x/y)
print('x // y =',x//y)
print('x % y =',x%y)
print('x ** y =',x**y)
```

Output:

> x = 19\
> y = 4\
> x + y = 23\
> x - y = 15\
> x \* y = 76\
> x / y = 4.75\
> x // y = 4\
> x % y = 3\
> x \*\* y = 130321

## 2. Toán tử so sánh

| Operator | Meaning           | Example |
| -------- | ----------------- | ------- |
| >        | Lớn hơn           | x > y   |
| <        | Nhỏ hơn           | x < y   |
| ==       | Bằng              | x == y  |
| !=       | Khác              | x != y  |
| >=       | Lớn hơn hoặc bằng | x >= y  |
| <=       | Nhỏ hơn hoặc bằng | x <= y  |

Ví dụ:

```python
x = 10
y = 12
print('x > y is',x>y)
print('x < y is',x<y)
print('x == y is',x==y)
print('x != y is',x!=y)
print('x >= y is',x>=y)
print('x <= y is',x<=y)
```

Output:

> x > y is False\
> x < y is True\
> x == y is False\
> x != y is True\
> x >= y is False\
> x <= y is True

## 3. Toán tử logic

| Operator | Meaning                              | Example |
| -------- | ------------------------------------ | ------- |
| and      | Và: True khi cả hai đều True         | x and y |
| or       | Hoặc: True nếu một trong hai là True | x or y  |
| not      | Không: True khi False                | not x   |

Ví dụ:

```python
x = True
y = False
print('x and y is',x and y)
print('x or y is',x or y)
print('not x is',not x)
```

Output:

> x and y is False\
> x or y is True\
> not x is False

## 4. Toán tử bitwise

Toán tử bitwise dùng để làm việc với các toán hạng nhị phân.

Ví dụ, với x = 10 (0000 1010) và y = 4 (0000 0100)

| Operator | Meaning                        | Example                  |
| -------- | ------------------------------ | ------------------------ |
| &        | Bitwise AND                    | x & y                    |
| \|       | Bitwise OR                     | x \| y                   |
| \~       | Bitwise NOT                    | \~x                      |
| ^        | Bitwise XOR                    | x ^ y                    |
| >>       | Bitwise dịch phải              | x >> 2 (dịch phải 2 bít) |
| <<       | Bitwise dịch trái (chuyển trái | x << 2 (dịch trái 2 bít) |

```python
x = 10
print('x =',x)
y = 4
print('x',y)
print('x & y =',x&y)
print('x | y =',x|y)
print('~x =',~x)
print('x ^ y =',x^y)
print('x >> 2 =',x>>2)
print('x << 2 =',x<<2)
input()
```

Output:

> x = 10\
> x 4\
> x & y = 0\
> x | y = 14\
> \~x = -11\
> x ^ y = 14\
> x >> 2 = 2\
> x << 2 = 40

## 5. Toán tử gán

| Operator | Example   | Equivalent to |
| -------- | --------- | ------------- |
| =        | x = 5     | x = 5         |
| +=       | x += 5    | x = x + 5     |
| -=       | x -= 5    | x = x - 5     |
| \*=      | x \*= 5   | x = x \* 5    |
| /=       | x /= 5    | x = x / 5     |
| %=       | x %= 5    | x = x % 5     |
| //=      | x //= 5   | x = x // 5    |
| \*\*=    | x \*\*= 5 | x = x \*\* 5  |
| &=       | x &= 5    | x = x & 5     |
| \|=      | x \|= 5   | x = x \| 5    |
| ^=       | x ^= 5    | x = x ^ 5     |
| >>=      | x >>= 5   | x = x >> 5    |
| <<=      | x <<= 5   | x = x << 5    |


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